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java反射之method的invoke方法实现-ag真人游戏

在框架中经常会会用到method.invoke()方法,用来执行某个的对象的目标方法。以前写代码用到反射时,总是获取先获取method,然后传入对应的class实例对象执行方法。然而前段时间研究invoke方法时,发现invoke方法居然包含多态的特性,这是以前没有考虑过的一个问题。那么method.invoke()方法的执行过程是怎么实现的?它的多态又是如何实现的呢?

本文将从java和jvm的源码实现深入探讨invoke方法的实现过程。

首先给出invoke方法多态特性的演示代码:

public class methodinvoke {
	public static void main(string[] args) throws exception {
		method animalmethod = animal.class.getdeclaredmethod("print");
		method catmethod = cat.class.getdeclaredmethod("print");
		
		animal animal = new animal();
		cat cat = new cat();
		animalmethod.invoke(cat);
		animalmethod.invoke(animal);
		
		catmethod.invoke(cat);
		catmethod.invoke(animal);
	}
	
}
class animal {
	
	public void print() {
		system.out.println("animal.print()");
	}
	
}
class cat extends animal {
	
	@override
	public void print() {
		system.out.println("cat.print()");
	}
	
}

代码中,cat类覆盖了父类animal的print()方法, 然后通过反射分别获取print()的method对象。最后分别用cat和animal的实例对象去执行print()方法。其中animalmethod.invoke(animal)和catmethod.invoke(cat),示例对象的真实类型和method的声明classs是相同的,按照预期打印结果;animalmethod.invoke(cat)中,由于cat是animal的子类,按照多态的特性,子类调用父类的的方法,方法执行时会动态链接到子类的实现方法上。因此,这里会调用cat.print()方法;而catmethod.invoke(animal)中,传入的参数类型animal是父类,却期望调用子类cat的方法,因此这一次会抛出异常。代码打印结果为:

cat.print()
animal.print()
cat.print()
exception in thread "main" java.lang.illegalargumentexception: object is not an instance of declaring class
	at sun.reflect.nativemethodaccessorimpl.invoke0(native method)
	at sun.reflect.nativemethodaccessorimpl.invoke(unknown source)
	at sun.reflect.delegatingmethodaccessorimpl.invoke(unknown source)
	at java.lang.reflect.method.invoke(unknown source)
	at com.wy.invoke.methodinvoke.main(methodinvoke.java:17)

接下来,我们来看看invoke()方法的实现过程。

    public object invoke(object obj, object... args) throws illegalaccessexception, illegalargumentexception, invocationtargetexception
    {
        if (!override) {
            if (!reflection.quickcheckmemberaccess(clazz, modifiers)) {
                class caller = reflection.getcallerclass(1);
                checkaccess(caller, clazz, obj, modifiers);
            }
        }
        methodaccessor ma = methodaccessor;             // read volatile
        if (ma == null) {
            ma = acquiremethodaccessor();
        }
        return ma.invoke(obj, args);
    }

invoke()方法中主要分为两部分:访问控制检查和调用methodaccessor.invoke()实现方法执行。

首先看一下访问控制检查这一块的逻辑。第一眼看到这里的逻辑的时候,很容易搞不清楚是干嘛的。通俗来讲就是通过方法的修饰符(public/protected/private/package),来判断方法的调用者是否可以访问该方法。这是java的基础内容,不过用代码写出来,一下子不容易想到。访问控制检查分为3步:

  1. 检查override,如果override为true,跳过检查;否则继续;
  2. 快速检查,判断该方法的修饰符modifiers是否为public,如果是跳过检查;否则继续;
  3. 详细检查,通过方法的(protected/private/package)修饰符或方法的声明类(例如子类可以访问父类的protected方法)与调用者caller之间的关系,判断caller是否有权限访问该方法。

override属性是method的父类accessibleobject中声明的变量,使得程序可以控制是否跳过访问权限的检查。另外,method的实例对象中,override属性的初始值设置为false。

    public void setaccessible(boolean flag) throws securityexception {
        securitymanager sm = system.getsecuritymanager();
        if (sm != null) sm.checkpermission(access_permission);
        setaccessible0(this, flag);
    }
    private static void setaccessible0(accessibleobject obj, boolean flag)
        throws securityexception
    {
        if (obj instanceof constructor && flag == true) {
            constructor c = (constructor)obj;
            if (c.getdeclaringclass() == class.class) {
                throw new securityexception("can not make a java.lang.class"  
                                            " constructor accessible");
            }
        }
        obj.override = flag;
    }

多说一句,field同样继承了accessibleobject,且field的override也是初始化为false的,也就是说并没有按照变量的修饰符去初始化不同的值。但是我们在调用field.set(object obj, object value)时,如果该field是private修饰的,会因没有访问权限而抛出异常,因此必须调用setaccessible(true)。此处非常容易理解为因为变量是public的,所以override就被初始化为true。

invoke()方法中,访问控制检查之后,就是通过methodaccessor.invoke()调用方法。再来看一下代码:

        methodaccessor ma = methodaccessor;             // read volatile
        if (ma == null) {
            ma = acquiremethodaccessor();
        }
        return ma.invoke(obj, args);

这里的逻辑很简单,首先将变量methodaccessor赋值给ma,在方法栈中保存一个可以直接引用的本地变量,如果methodaccessor不存在,调用acquiremethodaccessor()方法创建一个。

    private volatile methodaccessor methodaccessor;
    private method root;
    
    private methodaccessor acquiremethodaccessor() {
        // first check to see if one has been created yet, and take it
        // if so
        methodaccessor tmp = null;
        if (root != null) tmp = root.getmethodaccessor();
        if (tmp != null) {
            methodaccessor = tmp;
        } else {
            // otherwise fabricate one and propagate it up to the root
            tmp = reflectionfactory.newmethodaccessor(this);
            setmethodaccessor(tmp);
        }
        return tmp;
    }
    void setmethodaccessor(methodaccessor accessor) {
        methodaccessor = accessor;
        // propagate up
        if (root != null) {
            root.setmethodaccessor(accessor);
        }
    }
    method copy() {
        method res = new method(clazz, name, parametertypes, returntype,
                                exceptiontypes, modifiers, slot, signature,
                                annotations, parameterannotations, annotationdefault);
        res.root = this;
        res.methodaccessor = methodaccessor;
        return res;
    }

综合acquiremethodaccessor(),setmethodaccessor()以及copy()这三个方法,可以看到一个method实例对象维护了一个root引用。当调用method.copy()进行方法拷贝时,root指向了被拷贝的对象。那么当一个method被多次拷贝后,调用一次setmethodaccessor()方法,就会将root引用所指向的method的methodaccessor变量同样赋值。例如:d -> c -> b -> a,其中x-> y表示x = y.copy(), 当c对象调用setmethodaccessor()时,b和a都会传播赋值methodaccessor, 而d的methodaccessor还是null。紧接着,当d需要获取methodaccessor而调用acquiremethodaccessor()时,d获取root的methodaccessor, 那么d将和abc持有相同的methodaccessor。

虽然method中,通过维护root引用意图使相同的方法始终保持只有一个methodaccessor实例,但是上述方法仍然无法保证相同的方法只有一个methodaccessor实例。例如通过copy()使abcd保持关系:d -> c -> b -> a, 当b对象调用setmethodaccessor()时,b和a都会赋值methodaccessor, 而c、d的methodaccessor还是null。这时d调用acquiremethodaccessor()时,d获取root也就是c的methodaccessor,发现为空,然后就新创建了一个。从而出现了相同的方法中出现了两个methodaccessor实例对象的现象。

在class.getmethod()、class.getdeclaredmethod()以及class.getdeclaredmethod(string name, class... parametertypes)方法中最终都会调用copy()方法来保障method使用的安全性。 在比较极端加巧合的情况下,可能会引起类膨胀的问题,这就是接下来要讲到的methodaccessor的实现机制。

在前面代码中,methodaccessor的创建是通过反射工厂reflectionfactory的newmethodaccessor(method)方法来创建的。

    public methodaccessor newmethodaccessor(method method) {
        checkinitted();
        if (noinflation) {
            return new methodaccessorgenerator().
                generatemethod(method.getdeclaringclass(),
                               method.getname(),
                               method.getparametertypes(),
                               method.getreturntype(),
                               method.getexceptiontypes(),
                               method.getmodifiers());
        } else {
            nativemethodaccessorimpl acc =
                new nativemethodaccessorimpl(method);
            delegatingmethodaccessorimpl res =
                new delegatingmethodaccessorimpl(acc);
            acc.setparent(res);
            return res;
        }
    }

其中, checkinitted()方法检查从配置项中读取配置并设置noinflation、inflationthreshold的值:

    private static void checkinitted() {
        if (initted) return;
        accesscontroller.doprivileged(
            new privilegedaction() {
                public void run() {
                    if (system.out == null) {
                        // java.lang.system not yet fully initialized
                        return null;
                    }
                    string val = system.getproperty("sun.reflect.noinflation");
                    if (val != null && val.equals("true")) {
                        noinflation = true;
                    }
                    val = system.getproperty("sun.reflect.inflationthreshold");
                    if (val != null) {
                        try {
                            inflationthreshold = integer.parseint(val);
                        } catch (numberformatexception e) {
                            throw (runtimeexception)
                                new runtimeexception("unable to parse property sun.reflect.inflationthreshold").
                                    initcause(e);
                        }
                    }
                    initted = true;
                    return null;
                }
            });
    }

可以通过启动参数-dsun.reflect.noinflation=false -dsun.reflect.inflationthreshold=15来设置:

结合字面意思及下面代码理解,这两个配置sun.reflect.noinflation是控制是否立即进行类膨胀,sun.reflect.inflationthreshold是设置类膨胀阈值。

创建methodaccessor有两种选择,一种是当sun.reflect.noinflation配置项为true时,reflectionfactory利用methodaccessor的字节码生成类 methodaccessorgenerator直接创建一个代理类,通过间接调用原方法完成invoke()任务,具体实现稍后给出。methodaccessor的另一种实现方式是,创建delegatingmethodaccessorimpl 委托类,并将执行invoke()方法的具体内容交由nativemethodaccessorimpl实现,而nativemethodaccessorimpl最终调用native方法完成invoke()任务。以下是nativemethodaccessorimpl的invoke()方法实现。

    public object invoke(object obj, object[] args) 
        throws illegalargumentexception, invocationtargetexception
    {
        if (  numinvocations > reflectionfactory.inflationthreshold()) {
            methodaccessorimpl acc = (methodaccessorimpl)
                new methodaccessorgenerator().
                    generatemethod(method.getdeclaringclass(),
                                   method.getname(),
                                   method.getparametertypes(),
                                   method.getreturntype(),
                                   method.getexceptiontypes(),
                                   method.getmodifiers());
            parent.setdelegate(acc);
        }
        return invoke0(method, obj, args);
    }
    private static native object invoke0(method m, object obj, object[] args);

可以看到,当numinvocations数量大于配置项sun.reflect.inflationthreshold即类膨胀阈值时, 使用methodaccessorgenerator创建一个代理类对象,并且将被委托的nativemethodaccessorimpl的parent,也就是委托类delegatingmethodaccessorimpl的委托类设置为这个生成的代理对象。这么说可能有点绕,下面用一幅图表示这个过程。

总体来说,当调用invoke()时,按照默认配置,method首先创建一个delegatingmethodaccessorimpl对象,并设置一个被委托的nativemethodaccessorimpl对象,那么method.invoke()就被转换成delegatingmethodaccessorimpl.invoke(),然后又被委托给nativemethodaccessorimp.invoke()实现。当nativemethodaccessorimp.invoke()调用次数超过一定热度时(默认15次),被委托方又被转换成代理类来实现。

之前提到过在极端情况下,同一个方法的method对象存在多个不同拷贝拷贝时,可能存在多个methodaccessor对象。那么当多次调用后,必然会生成两个重复功能的代理类。当然,一般情况下,生成两个代理类并没有较大的影响。

其中代理类的具体字节码实现过程较为复杂,大体思想是生成一个如下所示的类:

public class generatedmethodaccessor1 extends methodaccessorimpl {
	public generatedmethodaccessor1 () {
	    super();
	}
	
	public object invoke(object obj, object[] args)
	        throws illegalargumentexception, invocationtargetexception 
	{
		if (!(obj instanceof cat)) {
			throw new classcastexception();
		}
		if (args != null && args.length != 0) {
			throw new illegalargumentexception();
		}
		
		try {
			cat cat = (cat) obj;
			cat.print();
			return null;
		} catch (throwable e) {
			throw new invocationtargetexception(e, "invoke error");
		}
	}
	
}

到目前为止,除了在代理的generatedmethodaccessor1 类中,方法的执行有多态的特性,而nativemethodaccessorimp的invoke()实现是在jdk中的完成的。接下来我们将目光移到nativemethodaccessorimp的native方法invoke0();

openjdk下载地址

首先,在\jdk\src\share\native\sun\reflect路径下找到nativeaccessors.c, 其中有java_sun_reflect_nativemethodaccessorimpl _invoke0()方法,根据jni定义函数名的规则"包名_类名_方法名",这就是我们要找的native方法实现入口。

jniexport jobject jnicall java_sun_reflect_nativemethodaccessorimpl_invoke0
(jnienv *env, jclass unused, jobject m, jobject obj, jobjectarray args)
{
    return jvm_invokemethod(env, m, obj, args);
}

方法调用jvm_invokemethod(), 一般以jvm_开头的函数定义在jvm.cpp文件中,不熟悉的话可以通过头文件jvm.h看出来。继续追踪,发现jvm.cpp文件位于spot\src\share\vm\prims文件夹下。

jvm_entry(jobject, jvm_invokemethod(jnienv *env, jobject method, jobject obj, jobjectarray args0))
  jvmwrapper("jvm_invokemethod");
  handle method_handle;
  if (thread->stack_available((address) &method_handle) >= jvminvokemethodslack) {
    method_handle = handle(thread, jnihandles::resolve(method));
    handle receiver(thread, jnihandles::resolve(obj));
    objarrayhandle args(thread, objarrayoop(jnihandles::resolve(args0)));
    oop result = reflection::invoke_method(method_handle(), receiver, args, check_null);
    jobject res = jnihandles::make_local(env, result);
    if (jvmtiexport::should_post_vm_object_alloc()) {
      oop ret_type = java_lang_reflect_method::return_type(method_handle());
      assert(ret_type != null, "sanity check: ret_type oop must not be null!");
      if (java_lang_class::is_primitive(ret_type)) {
        // only for primitive type vm allocates memory for java object.
        // see box() method.
        jvmtiexport::post_vm_object_alloc(javathread::current(), result);
      }
    }
    return res;
  } else {
    throw_0(vmsymbols::java_lang_stackoverflowerror());
  }
jvm_end

其中oop result = reflection::invoke_method(method_handle(), receiver, args, check_null)是方法的执行过程,在\hotspot\src\share\vm\runtime路径下找到reflection.cpp文件。

oop reflection::invoke_method(oop method_mirror, handle receiver, objarrayhandle args, traps) {
  oop mirror             = java_lang_reflect_method::clazz(method_mirror);
  int slot               = java_lang_reflect_method::slot(method_mirror);
  bool override          = java_lang_reflect_method::override(method_mirror) != 0;
  objarrayhandle ptypes(thread, objarrayoop(java_lang_reflect_method::parameter_types(method_mirror)));
  oop return_type_mirror = java_lang_reflect_method::return_type(method_mirror);
  basictype rtype;
  if (java_lang_class::is_primitive(return_type_mirror)) {
    rtype = basic_type_mirror_to_basic_type(return_type_mirror, check_null);
  } else {
    rtype = t_object;
  }
  instanceklasshandle klass(thread, java_lang_class::as_klass(mirror));
  method* m = klass->method_with_idnum(slot);
  if (m == null) {
    throw_msg_0(vmsymbols::java_lang_internalerror(), "invoke");
  }
  methodhandle method(thread, m);
  return invoke(klass, method, receiver, override, ptypes, rtype, args, true, thread);
}
oop reflection::invoke(instanceklasshandle klass, methodhandle reflected_method,
                       handle receiver, bool override, objarrayhandle ptypes,
                       basictype rtype, objarrayhandle args, bool is_method_invoke, traps) {
  resourcemark rm(thread);
  methodhandle method;      // actual method to invoke
  klasshandle target_klass; // target klass, receiver's klass for non-static
  // ensure klass is initialized
  klass->initialize(check_null);
  bool is_static = reflected_method->is_static();
  if (is_static) {
    // ignore receiver argument
    method = reflected_method;
    target_klass = klass;
  } else {
    // check for null receiver
    if (receiver.is_null()) {
      throw_0(vmsymbols::java_lang_nullpointerexception());
    }
    // check class of receiver against class declaring method
    if (!receiver->is_a(klass())) {
      throw_msg_0(vmsymbols::java_lang_illegalargumentexception(), "object is not an instance of declaring class");
    }
    // target klass is receiver's klass
    target_klass = klasshandle(thread, receiver->klass());
    // no need to resolve if method is private or 
    if (reflected_method->is_private() || reflected_method->name() == vmsymbols::object_initializer_name()) {
      method = reflected_method;
    } else {
      // resolve based on the receiver
      if (reflected_method->method_holder()->is_interface()) {
        // resolve interface call
        if (reflectionwrapresolutionerrors) {
          // new default: 6531596
          // match resolution errors with those thrown due to reflection inlining
          // linktime resolution & illegalaccesscheck already done by class.getmethod()
          method = resolve_interface_call(klass, reflected_method, target_klass, receiver, thread);
          if (has_pending_exception) {
          // method resolution threw an exception; wrap it in an invocationtargetexception
            oop resolution_exception = pending_exception;
            clear_pending_exception;
            javacallarguments args(handle(thread, resolution_exception));
            throw_arg_0(vmsymbols::java_lang_reflect_invocationtargetexception(),
                vmsymbols::throwable_void_signature(),
                &args);
          }
        } else {
          method = resolve_interface_call(klass, reflected_method, target_klass, receiver, check_(null));
        }
      }  else {
        // if the method can be overridden, we resolve using the vtable index.
        assert(!reflected_method->has_itable_index(), "");
        int index = reflected_method->vtable_index();
        method = reflected_method;
        if (index != method::nonvirtual_vtable_index) {
          // target_klass might be an arrayklassoop but all vtables start at
          // the same place. the cast is to avoid virtual call and assertion.
          instanceklass* inst = (instanceklass*)target_klass();
          method = methodhandle(thread, inst->method_at_vtable(index));
        }
        if (!method.is_null()) {
          // check for abstract methods as well
          if (method->is_abstract()) {
            // new default: 6531596
            if (reflectionwrapresolutionerrors) {
              resourcemark rm(thread);
              handle h_origexception = exceptions::new_exception(thread,
                     vmsymbols::java_lang_abstractmethoderror(),
                     method::name_and_sig_as_c_string(target_klass(),
                     method->name(),
                     method->signature()));
              javacallarguments args(h_origexception);
              throw_arg_0(vmsymbols::java_lang_reflect_invocationtargetexception(),
                vmsymbols::throwable_void_signature(),
                &args);
            } else {
              resourcemark rm(thread);
              throw_msg_0(vmsymbols::java_lang_abstractmethoderror(),
                        method::name_and_sig_as_c_string(target_klass(),
                                                                method->name(),
                                                                method->signature()));
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  // i believe this is a shouldnotgethere case which requires
  // an internal vtable bug. if you ever get this please let karen know.
  if (method.is_null()) {
    resourcemark rm(thread);
    throw_msg_0(vmsymbols::java_lang_nosuchmethoderror(),
                method::name_and_sig_as_c_string(klass(),
                                                        reflected_method->name(),
                                                        reflected_method->signature()));
  }
  // in the jdk 1.4 reflection implementation, the security check is
  // done at the java level
  if (!(jdk_version::is_gte_jdk14x_version() && usenewreflection)) {
  // access checking (unless overridden by method)
  if (!override) {
    if (!(klass->is_public() && reflected_method->is_public())) {
      bool access = reflection::reflect_check_access(klass(), reflected_method->access_flags(), target_klass(), is_method_invoke, check_null);
      if (!access) {
        return null; // exception
      }
    }
  }
  } // !(universe::is_gte_jdk14x_version() && usenewreflection)
  assert(ptypes->is_objarray(), "just checking");
  int args_len = args.is_null() ? 0 : args->length();
  // check number of arguments
  if (ptypes->length() != args_len) {
    throw_msg_0(vmsymbols::java_lang_illegalargumentexception(), "wrong number of arguments");
  }
  // create object to contain parameters for the javacall
  javacallarguments java_args(method->size_of_parameters());
  if (!is_static) {
    java_args.push_oop(receiver);
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < args_len; i  ) {
    oop type_mirror = ptypes->obj_at(i);
    oop arg = args->obj_at(i);
    if (java_lang_class::is_primitive(type_mirror)) {
      jvalue value;
      basictype ptype = basic_type_mirror_to_basic_type(type_mirror, check_null);
      basictype atype = unbox_for_primitive(arg, &value, check_null);
      if (ptype != atype) {
        widen(&value, atype, ptype, check_null);
      }
      switch (ptype) {
        case t_boolean:     java_args.push_int(value.z);    break;
        case t_char:        java_args.push_int(value.c);    break;
        case t_byte:        java_args.push_int(value.b);    break;
        case t_short:       java_args.push_int(value.s);    break;
        case t_int:         java_args.push_int(value.i);    break;
        case t_long:        java_args.push_long(value.j);   break;
        case t_float:       java_args.push_float(value.f);  break;
        case t_double:      java_args.push_double(value.d); break;
        default:
          throw_msg_0(vmsymbols::java_lang_illegalargumentexception(), "argument type mismatch");
      }
    } else {
      if (arg != null) {
        klass* k = java_lang_class::as_klass(type_mirror);
        if (!arg->is_a(k)) {
          throw_msg_0(vmsymbols::java_lang_illegalargumentexception(), "argument type mismatch");
        }
      }
      handle arg_handle(thread, arg);         // create handle for argument
      java_args.push_oop(arg_handle); // push handle
    }
  }
  assert(java_args.size_of_parameters() == method->size_of_parameters(), "just checking");
  // all oops (including receiver) is passed in as handles. an potential oop is returned as an
  // oop (i.e., not as an handle)
  javavalue result(rtype);
  javacalls::call(&result, method, &java_args, thread);
  if (has_pending_exception) {
    // method threw an exception; wrap it in an invocationtargetexception
    oop target_exception = pending_exception;
    clear_pending_exception;
    javacallarguments args(handle(thread, target_exception));
    throw_arg_0(vmsymbols::java_lang_reflect_invocationtargetexception(),
                vmsymbols::throwable_void_signature(),
                &args);
  } else {
    if (rtype == t_boolean || rtype == t_byte || rtype == t_char || rtype == t_short)
      narrow((jvalue*) result.get_value_addr(), rtype, check_null);
    return box((jvalue*) result.get_value_addr(), rtype, check_null);
  }
}

reflection::invoke_method()中调用reflection::invoke(),然后在reflection::invoke()方法中,当反射调用的方法是接口方法时,调用reflection::resolve_interface_call(),该方法依赖linkresolver::resolve_interface_call()来完成方法的动态链接过程,具体实现就不在这里展示。

method = resolve_interface_call(klass, reflected_method, target_klass, receiver, check_(null));
methodhandle reflection::resolve_interface_call(instanceklasshandle klass, methodhandle method,
                                                klasshandle recv_klass, handle receiver, traps) {
  assert(!method.is_null() , "method should not be null");
  callinfo info;
  symbol*  signature  = method->signature();
  symbol*  name       = method->name();
  linkresolver::resolve_interface_call(info, receiver, recv_klass, klass,
                                       name, signature,
                                       klasshandle(), false, true,
                                       check_(methodhandle()));
  return info.selected_method();
}

如果反射调用的方法是可以被覆盖的方法,例如animal.print(), reflection::invoke()最终通过查询虚方法表vtable来确定最终的method。

        // if the method can be overridden, we resolve using the vtable index.
        assert(!reflected_method->has_itable_index(), "");
        int index = reflected_method->vtable_index();
        method = reflected_method;
        if (index != method::nonvirtual_vtable_index) {
          // target_klass might be an arrayklassoop but all vtables start at
          // the same place. the cast is to avoid virtual call and assertion.
          instanceklass* inst = (instanceklass*)target_klass();
          method = methodhandle(thread, inst->method_at_vtable(index));
        }

 

1.method.invoke()方法支持多态特性,其native实现在方法真正执行之前通过动态连接或者虚方法表来实现。

2.框架中使用method.invoke()执行方法调用时,初始获取method对象时,可以先调用一次setaccessable(true),使得后面每次调用invoke()时,节省一次方法修饰符的判断,略微提升性能。业务允许的情况下,field同样可以如此操作。

3.委托模式可以解决一种方案的多种实现之间自由切换,而代理模式只能根据传入的被代理对象来实现功能。

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